Heroku is slowly closing all its free services from 28th November. My free deployments were also removed. So, let's migrate them from Heroku.

## What is Heroku?

Heroku is one of the most popular cloud PaaS (Platform as a Service) platforms. If you are a full-stack developer and didn't hear or listen about Heroku, then you are rare. But some months ago, Salesforce (the Parent Organization of Heroku) and Heroku changed their policy and decided that they were going to close all their free services.

## Message from Heroku

> ***As we previously communicated, starting November 28th, 2022, free Heroku Dynos, free Heroku Postgres, and free Heroku Data for Redis® will no longer be available. You must take action to continue to operate your applications on our service and prevent the deletion of your free databases.***

### Fun Fact

I thought that Heroku would not remove my small apps after noticing my app was running after **28th November**😀, but after 1st December, my deployment was removed.🙃 I think they slowly removing their free services. Heroku hosted different open-source projects, also migrating from Heroku.

Below is the current condition of all of my **Heroku Deployed** projects.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F6e30d72d-5a1b-4774-b59a-9d15887c49d8.png?alt=media&token=834419eb-32bc-418b-8220-f7a0e2c67dd9","id":"6e30d72d-5a1b-4774-b59a-9d15887c49d8","width":1366,"height":699,"filename":"fygpr8qn.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

## What should we do now?

We should migrate our apps from Heroku. Thankfully there are a lot of alternatives to Heroku, some of which are better than Heroku. In this article, I will explain how we can move/migrate our Heroku-hosted website from Heroku to **Railway**. It's pretty simple. I have been using Railway for several days, and I love it. It is user-friendly, and its UI/UX is also excellent.

## Migrating to Railway

Go to **[https://railway.app](https://railway.app/)**, and you will see a beautiful user interface.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F91476f71-462e-4900-b491-c01a5e40b8ba.png?alt=media&token=7b40f5cb-b052-4dc2-b814-048f77d469ce","id":"91476f71-462e-4900-b491-c01a5e40b8ba","width":1314,"height":584,"filename":"zyjy2bgi.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

First, we must log into the Railway to access the Railway dashboard. I will recommend **Login** in using **Login with GitHub** as we will deploy our project from GitHub Repository.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F7cc35da5-e43d-4770-b328-1caf9e6d4a0b.png?alt=media&token=e23007f2-991e-4b96-99dd-e9bbfc13f96d","id":"7cc35da5-e43d-4770-b328-1caf9e6d4a0b","width":1273,"height":571,"filename":"8p1aonbe.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

After clicking the GitHub button, you have to give Railway permission to access your GitHub Repositories. There will be two options, you can select All Repositories or only One Repository. You can select any option and click the "**Authorize"** button to connect Railway with GitHub.

After successful login, you will see an empty dashboard; I have already created a project for myself.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2Fd1c79636-0039-4390-b20a-640f8b63c752.png?alt=media&token=abd3f9e4-99b4-4ee8-a399-c4eeb8f70d88","id":"d1c79636-0039-4390-b20a-640f8b63c752","width":1313,"height":627,"filename":"bt44be3m.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

You can also create a project by clicking on the **"New Project"** button. After clicking the "New Project" button, you will see a page like the one below.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F474a5d63-5fac-4e50-9d0d-9598de6d7f50.png?alt=media&token=dfc028b0-4021-4f64-acf4-ab5670d54627","id":"474a5d63-5fac-4e50-9d0d-9598de6d7f50","width":1365,"height":654,"filename":"3h2hyspb.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

I want to deploy my project from GitHub, so I am clicking on "Deploy from GitHub repo." Then you will see the list of your GitHub Repos. Search for the Repo you want to deploy, and you will find it. My Repo name is "NewsHub." This is a News Aggregator/Scraper site built with Python Django.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F33f5649f-efcf-4254-9327-8580ae9b3679.png?alt=media&token=1627694e-fc71-4fd8-a8b9-107c647fdcb3","id":"33f5649f-efcf-4254-9327-8580ae9b3679","width":1365,"height":655,"filename":"x28i0b8l.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

Click on your Repo name and you will see this **"Deploy Now"** button.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2Fb5055ca3-48aa-4d92-a1b5-640edaa3fcb4.png?alt=media&token=84fe63da-390b-46c6-a2db-8a1a602b4be6","id":"b5055ca3-48aa-4d92-a1b5-640edaa3fcb4","width":1365,"height":645,"filename":"bxzfmqto.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

Click on the "Deploy Now" button to start the deployment process.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F39848c8e-fb51-4185-a8b2-859ff5b19571.png?alt=media&token=36b00ebf-650a-4914-a518-69d7333f0ba0","id":"39848c8e-fb51-4185-a8b2-859ff5b19571","width":1366,"height":659,"filename":"8txcrt6q.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

After a few minutes, you will see that your app has been deployed successfully. The railway can read Heroku profile, you can see that it has read my service from my profile in the GitHub Repo.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F3822ead8-3e20-4162-89b9-008981cd1842.png?alt=media&token=338026c8-1a8b-49cd-a3fa-efbcd8d84670","id":"3822ead8-3e20-4162-89b9-008981cd1842","width":1365,"height":653,"filename":"srf58gno.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

You can also change the domain name from settings.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2Fbe0eeefe-ecbe-4462-b897-54ea199aeffa.png?alt=media&token=e625b79a-db21-4fe3-8b84-235b354da1ae","id":"be0eeefe-ecbe-4462-b897-54ea199aeffa","width":1360,"height":661,"filename":"s82oh1do.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

And don't forget to add your domain to your **ALLOWED\_HOSTS** list or any other related place.

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F7b67847f-39df-42e8-9f85-9b6485f8f6e4.png?alt=media&token=b948aec7-44d9-460e-b8f6-090f6761038f","id":"7b67847f-39df-42e8-9f85-9b6485f8f6e4","width":1346,"height":655,"filename":"x970i3qc.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

Yeah!🎉 My Railway App is now up and running. It feels like it is loading faster than Heroku.🚀

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2Fmigrating-my-django-app-from-heroku-to-railway%2F6513cc9f-c73e-4391-af60-c8245032eeb1.png?alt=media&token=fc95327a-390a-408f-94e4-78701933cbc0","id":"6513cc9f-c73e-4391-af60-c8245032eeb1","width":1362,"height":654,"filename":"wdlxx8oa.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

## Railway CLI

Now, if you want to work locally and deploy from your terminal like **Heroku CLI,** don't worry. Railway also has **Railway CLI,** which is easier to use than Heroku. I will try to write another article by showing you how you can use Railway CLI for running your projects. Till then, you can read their documentation, their documentation is pretty clear too.

**<https://docs.railway.app/develop/cli>**

## Final Words

I only discuss a few features of the Railway, but Railway has so many built-in templates and exciting features which you should definitely try. They are also helping good Open Source Projects.

If you find this article helpful, feel free to follow me on **Hashnode** and **GitHub**.

**My GitHub Profile:** **<https://github.com/musfiqdehan>**

Thanks for reading this article. Any feedback is welcome.😊

Migrating my Django app from Heroku to Railway

### **How to run locally? Installation Steps, Dependencies, Live Demo etc.**

### **🌎 Live Demo**

Link: [Click Here](https://world-newshub.herokuapp.com/)

### **📷 Screenshots**

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2FJ9TVefAgLLYpoTW5U5MB%2Fbddb2f4b-b34d-4b46-8674-01da27ae16cc.png?alt=media&token=002dd876-47cb-49fe-b122-ec812482fc83","id":"bddb2f4b-b34d-4b46-8674-01da27ae16cc","width":1349,"height":636,"filename":"home-page.png","type":"image/png","caption":"Home Page of Site","border":false}]}
```

```cv
gallery
{"layout":"hscroll","images":[{"src":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/maitake-project.appspot.com/o/pages%2F2jI0jf0DRWdllFcMMOOTz3iUln82%2FJ9TVefAgLLYpoTW5U5MB%2Fe10cb405-e5cd-453f-a45f-c8cd769f7791.png?alt=media&token=f662c0b5-fda7-439a-b4ce-bb1096b67bfb","id":"e10cb405-e5cd-453f-a45f-c8cd769f7791","width":1352,"height":637,"filename":"archive-page.png","type":"image/png","caption":"","border":false}]}
```

### **🛠 Dependencies**

```
asgiref==3.3.4 
autopep8==1.5.7
beautifulsoup4==4.9.3
bs4==0.0.1
certifi==2022.6.15
chardet==4.0.0
Django==4.1
fontawesome-free==5.15.4
gunicorn==20.1.0
idna==2.10
pycodestyle==2.7.0
pytz==2022.2.1
requests==2.25.1
soupsieve==2.2.1
sqlparse==0.4.2
toml==0.10.2
urllib3==1.26.5
whitenoise==5.2.0
```

### **🚀 Installation**

* Clone or Download on repository

`$ git clone https://github.com/MusfiqDehan/newshub.git`

* Change Directory

`$ cd newshub-master`

* Install dependencies from requirements.txt file

`pip3 install -r requirements.txt`

* Run migrations and migrate to update database

`$ python3 manage.py makemigrations && python3 manage.py migrate`

* Run server on localhost and open website in a browser

`$ python3 manage.py runserver 8040`

* This newshub app will be live on

*`http://127.0.0.1:8040/`*

Learn More About NewsHub

In this article, we will discuss how we can delete or remove items from the start, middle, and end of a JavaScript Array.

## Taking an Array

First, let's take an array name `fruits`.

```javascript
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
```

Now we will see a different approach of removing/deleting items from this array.

## Removing items from Beginning

To remove an item from the beginning of an array, you can use the `shift()` method, which removes the first element of the array and returns it. For example:

```javascript
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

// Remove the first item from the array
var first = fruits.shift();

// The array now contains ["Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]
// The variable "first" contains the removed element: "Banana"
```

## Removing Item from the Middle

To remove an item from the middle of an array, you can use the `splice()` method, which allows you to specify the index at which to begin removing elements and the number of elements to remove. For example:

```javascript
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

// Remove the second item (index 1) from the array
var removed = fruits.splice(1, 1);

// The array now contains ["Banana", "Apple", "Mango"]
// The variable "removed" contains the removed element: "Orange"
```

## Removing Item from the End

To remove an item from the end of an array, you can use the `pop()` method, which removes the last element of the array and returns it. For example:

```javascript
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

// Remove the last item from the array
var last = fruits.pop();

// The array now contains ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple"]
// The variable "last" contains the removed element: "Mango"
```

You can also use the `slice()` method to remove items from an array without modifying the original array. This method allows you to specify a range of elements to include in a new array. For example:

```javascript
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

// Create a new array with the second and third items of the original array
var removed = fruits.slice(1, 3);

// The original array remains unchanged: ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]
// The new array contains the removed elements: ["Orange", "Apple"]
```

## Note

It's important to note that the `splice()`, `shift()`, and `pop()` methods modify the original array, whereas the `slice()` method creates a new array. This means you need to use a different approach depending on whether you want to modify the original array or create a new one.

Thanks for reading this article. We will discuss another topic in another article.

Deleting Items from a JavaScript Array

CRUD stands for "Create, Read, Update, and Delete," and refers to the four basic operations you can perform on data in a database or data store. These operations can also be performed on arrays in JavaScript. Here's how you can perform each of these operations on an array.

## **Create (Add)**

To add an element to an array, you can use the `push()` method:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

// Add a new element to the end of the array
fruits.push('mango');

console.log(fruits); // ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'mango']
```

You can also add an element to the beginning of the array using the `unshift()` method:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

// Add a new element to the beginning of the array
fruits.unshift('pear');

console.log(fruits); // ['pear', 'apple', 'banana', 'orange']
```

## **Read (Retrieve)**

To retrieve an element from an array, you can use the array's index:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

let firstFruit = fruits[0]; // 'apple'
let secondFruit = fruits[1]; // 'banana'
let thirdFruit = fruits[2]; // 'orange'
```

You can also use the `indexOf()` method to find the index of a specific element in the array:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

let index = fruits.indexOf('banana'); // 1
```

## **Update (Modify)**

To update an element in an array, you can simply reassign the value at a specific index:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

fruits[1] = 'pear';

console.log(fruits); // ['apple', 'pear', 'orange']
```

## **Delete (Remove)**

To remove an element from an array, you can use the `splice()` method:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

// Remove the second element (index 1)
fruits.splice(1, 1);

console.log(fruits); // ['apple', 'orange']
```

You can also use the `shift()` method to remove the first element of the array, or the `pop()` method to remove the last element:

```javascript
let fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

// Remove the first element
fruits.shift();

console.log(fruits); // ['banana', 'orange']

// Remove the last element
fruits.pop();

console.log(fruits); // ['banana']
```

## Conclusion

I hope after reading this article, you are clear about the CRUD operations in a JavaScript Array. If you have any questions or feedback, regarding this article, please let me know in the comment section. Thanks.

CRUD Operations in a JavaScript Array

The array is one of the essential Data Structures. In JavaScript, we have many built-in Array methods to manipulate an array. In this article, we will learn how we can add items at the **start**, **middle**, and **end** of a JavaScript Array.

## Declaring an Empty Array

```javascript
// We can declare an array using Array() constructor function
const arr = new Array();
// or Simply using an empty square bracket
const arr = [];
```

## Initializing an Array

```javascript
//  Initializing the array with two integers 3, 4
const arr = new Array(3, 4);
// or
const arr = [3, 4];
```

Now let's add items to this array.

## Adding items at the beginning/start

* We will use the `unshift()` method for doing this

* You can add any number of items

* You can add not only numbers but also different types of elements other than numbers

```javascript
arr.unshift(1, 2)
// [1, 2, 3, 4]
```

## Adding items in the middle

* It is slightly tricky😉 but not much complex

* Our current Array, `const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];`

* We want to add 7 and 8 in between 2 and 3

* We will use the `splice()` function for this

* `splice()` function takes 3 parameters

* **First Parameter:** Before which position do we want to add

* **Second Parameter:** How many numbers do we want to delete (We will not use this parameter as we don't want to delete any number now)

* **Third Parameter:** The items we want to add in the middle

* So, we will keep our second parameter as 0

* After that, we will add the elements we want to add in the middle

* `splice(2, 0, 7, 8)`

* Before 3, the index of 3 is 2

* 0 as Second Parameter as we don't want to do any delete operation

* We want to add 7, 8 that's why we adding 7, 8 as the last parameter

* You can add as many items as you want

* You can add not only numbers but also different types of elements other than numbers

```javascript
arr.splice(2, 0, 7, 8);
// Now, the new resultant array will be
// [1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4]
```

## Adding elements at the end of the array

* This one is simple

* We will use `push()` operation

* You can add any number of items

* You can add not only numbers but also different types of elements other than numbers

```javascript
arr.push(5, 6);
// Now, the new resultant array will be
// [1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 5, 6]
```

## All at once

Now let's summarize the article with a single code snippet.

**COPY**

```javascript
// Declaring an array
const arr = [];
console.log(arr);
// []

# Intializing an array
arr = [3, 4];
console.log(arr);
// [3, 4];

// Adding items at the beginning/ start of the array
arr.unshift(1, 2)
console.log(arr);
// [1, 2, 3, 4]

// Adding items in the middle of the array
arr.splice(2, 0, 7, 8);
console.log(arr);
// [1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4]

// Adding items at the end of the array
arr.push(5, 6);
console.log(arr);
// [1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 5, 6]
```

Thank you so much for reading this. Hope to see you in another article. This is my first published article. Please give me a like for the inspiration.

You can also read this article in my Twitter Thread. Don't forget to follow me on Twitter. Thanks again.

```cv
tweet
https://twitter.com/MusfiqDehan/status/1568235913821716487
```

Adding Items in a JavaScript Array

In this article, we will learn about functions using Python Programming Language.

### **What is a function?**

Functions are

* **Self-contained** modules of code that accomplish a specific task.

* Functions usually \*\*take in\*\* data, process it, and \*\*return\*\* a result.

* Once a function is written, it can be used over and over and over again.

* Functions can be **called** from the inside of other functions.

Suppose we want to add two numbers.

```python
a = 10
b = 20
print(a + b)
```

We want to add two different numbers again like

```
x = 5
y = 7
print(x + y)
```

Now by using the function, we can reduce this repetition:

```python
def add_two_numbers(a, b): 
   return a + b;

print(add_to_numbers(10, 20))
print(add_to_numbers(5, 7))
```

In this simple program, we reduce 6-4=2 lines by using a function. If we use functions for large programs, the reduction of the lines will be more.

### **Types of Functions**

In Python, we have two types of functions.

1. Build-In Function

2. User-Defined Functions

**1. Built-In Function**

Python has many built-in functions that allow you to perform common tasks without writing your code. Here are some examples of built-in functions in Python:

`print()`: Prints a string to the console.

`len()`: Returns the length of a string, list, tuple, or dictionary.

`max()`: Returns the maximum value from a list or tuple.

`min()`: Returns the minimum value from a list or tuple.

`sum()`: Returns the sum of all elements in a list or tuple.

`abs()`: Returns the absolute value of a number.

`type()`: Returns the data type of a value.

For example:

**Print a string**

`print("Hello, World!")`

**Get the length of a string**

`string_length = len("Hello, World!")`

`print(string_length)  # Output: 12`

**Get the maximum value from a list**

```python
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
max_number = max(numbers)
print(max_number)  # Output: 5
```

**Get the minimum value from a tuple**

```python
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
min_number = min(numbers)
print(min_number)  # Output: 1
```

**Get the sum of a tuple**

```python
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
total = sum(numbers)
print(total)  # Output: 15
```

**Get the absolute value of a number**

```python
number = -5
abs_number = abs(number)
print(abs_number)  # Output: 5
```

**Get the data type of a value**

```python
value = 5
data_type = type(value)
print(data_type)  # Output: <class 'int'>
```

You can find a complete list of Python's built-in functions in the official Python documentation.

**2. User-Defined functions**

You can define your own functions in Python using the \`def\` keyword. Here is an example of a simple function that takes two arguments and returns their sum:

```
def sum(a, b):
    result = a + b
    return result
print(sum(1, 2))  # Output: 3
```

The function `sum()` has two parameters, `a` and `b`, and a return statement that returns the sum of a and b. You can call the function by providing values for the arguments in the parentheses after the function name. In this example, the function is called with the arguments 1 and 2, and the output is 3.

You can also define default values for the arguments in the function definition. If an argument is not provided when the function is called, the default value is used instead. Here is an example:

```python
def sum(a, b=0):result = a + b
   return resultprint(sum(1))  # Output: 1
print(sum(1, 2))  # Output: 3
```

In this example, the function sum() has a default value of 0 for the argument b. If you call the function with only one argument, like sum(1), the value of b will be 0 and the output will be 1. If you call the function with two arguments, like `sum(1, 2)`, the default value is overridden, and the output is 3.

Thanks for reading this article. Hope you have got some idea about functions using Python. We will discuss other topics about Python in another article. Till then, keep learning and keep growing.